# 数据库连接池性能优化指南

## 📊 概述

数据库连接池是提升应用性能的关键。通过复用连接，避免频繁创建/关闭连接的开销。

---

## 🔧 连接池配置

### 基本配置

```python
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool

# 初始化连接池（应用启动时）
db_pool.initialize(
    connection_string="postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/db",
    minconn=1,    # 最小连接数
    maxconn=10,   # 最大连接数
)
```

### 推荐配置

**开发环境:**
- `minconn=1`
- `maxconn=5`

**生产环境（单实例）:**
- `minconn=5`
- `maxconn=20`

**生产环境（多实例）:**
```
maxconn = (PostgreSQL max_connections - 预留) / 实例数
例如：(100 - 10) / 4 = 22.5 ≈ 20
```

---

## 📝 使用方法

### 方式 1: 上下文管理器（推荐）

```python
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import PooledConnection

def find_user(user_id: str):
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        with conn.cursor() as cur:
            cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
            return cur.fetchone()
    # 连接自动归还到池中
```

### 方式 2: Repository 中使用

```python
class PostgresUserRepository:
    def find_by_id(self, user_id: str):
        with PooledConnection() as conn:
            with conn.cursor() as cur:
                cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
                row = cur.fetchone()
                return self._row_to_user(row) if row else None
```

---

## ⚡ 性能对比

### 不使用连接池
```
创建连接: ~50ms
执行查询: ~10ms
关闭连接: ~10ms
总耗时: ~70ms
```

### 使用连接池
```
获取连接: ~1ms
执行查询: ~10ms
归还连接: ~1ms
总耗时: ~12ms
```

**性能提升: 5-6 倍** 🚀

---

## 🔍 监控连接池

### 添加监控指标

```python
def get_pool_stats():
    """获取连接池统计信息"""
    return {
        "active_connections": db_pool._pool._used,
        "idle_connections": db_pool._pool._pool.qsize(),
        "max_connections": db_pool._pool.maxconn,
    }
```

### 日志记录

```python
import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def log_pool_stats():
    stats = get_pool_stats()
    logger.info(f"Connection pool stats: {stats}")
```

---

## ⚠️ 注意事项

### 1. 连接泄漏

**错误示例:**
```python
# ❌ 连接没有归还
conn = db_pool.get_connection()
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
# 忘记 put_connection()
```

**正确示例:**
```python
# ✅ 使用上下文管理器自动归还
with PooledConnection() as conn:
    with conn.cursor() as cur:
        cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
```

### 2. 连接池耗尽

症状：
- 应用挂起
- 超时错误
- `PoolError: connection pool exhausted`

解决：
- 增加 `maxconn`
- 检查连接泄漏
- 优化慢查询

### 3. 长时间持有连接

**错误示例:**
```python
# ❌ 在循环中持有连接
with PooledConnection() as conn:
    for i in range(10000):
        process_data(i)  # 耗时操作
        save_to_db(conn, i)
```

**正确示例:**
```python
# ✅ 每次操作单独获取连接
for i in range(10000):
    process_data(i)
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        save_to_db(conn, i)
```

---

## 🚀 应用启动配置

### FastAPI 启动事件

```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool
from apps.api.app.config import settings

app = FastAPI()

@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    """应用启动时初始化连接池"""
    if not settings.USE_IN_MEMORY_DB:
        db_pool.initialize(
            connection_string=settings.DATABASE_URL,
            minconn=5,
            maxconn=20,
        )

@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    """应用关闭时关闭所有连接"""
    db_pool.close_all()
```

---

## 📈 容量规划

### 计算公式

```
每个实例的最大连接数 = (CPU 核心数 * 2) + 有效磁盘数
```

例如：
- 4 核 CPU，1 块磁盘：`4 * 2 + 1 = 9`
- 8 核 CPU，2 块磁盘：`8 * 2 + 2 = 18`

### PostgreSQL 配置

```sql
-- 查看当前最大连接数
SHOW max_connections;

-- 修改最大连接数（需要重启）
-- postgresql.conf
max_connections = 100

-- 为超级用户预留连接
superuser_reserved_connections = 3
```

---

## 🧪 测试连接池

```python
import pytest
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool, PooledConnection

def test_connection_pool():
    """测试连接池基本功能"""
    # 初始化
    db_pool.initialize("postgresql://test:test@localhost/test", minconn=1, maxconn=5)
    
    # 获取连接
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        assert conn is not None
        with conn.cursor() as cur:
            cur.execute("SELECT 1")
            assert cur.fetchone() == {'?column?': 1}
    
    # 清理
    db_pool.close_all()
```

---

## 🔗 相关资源

- [psycopg2 连接池文档](https://www.psycopg.org/docs/pool.html)
- [PostgreSQL 连接管理](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-connection.html)
- [数据库连接池最佳实践](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Number_Of_Database_Connections)

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**最后更新:** 2026-06-17