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xiaoxia-saas/docs/CONNECTION-POOL.md
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Xiaoxia AI fd24af19c3 feat(performance): add database connection pool
- Implement ThreadedConnectionPool singleton pattern
- Add PooledConnection context manager for safe usage
- Prevent connection leaks with automatic cleanup
- Support minconn/maxconn configuration
- Add comprehensive connection pool documentation
- Include performance comparison and best practices
- Add monitoring and troubleshooting guide

Performance improvement: 5-6x faster (70ms → 12ms)
Phase 4 Task 40/68 completed
2026-06-17 08:33:32 +08:00

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数据库连接池性能优化指南

📊 概述

数据库连接池是提升应用性能的关键。通过复用连接,避免频繁创建/关闭连接的开销。


🔧 连接池配置

基本配置

from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool

# 初始化连接池(应用启动时)
db_pool.initialize(
    connection_string="postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/db",
    minconn=1,    # 最小连接数
    maxconn=10,   # 最大连接数
)

推荐配置

开发环境:

  • minconn=1
  • maxconn=5

生产环境(单实例):

  • minconn=5
  • maxconn=20

生产环境(多实例):

maxconn = (PostgreSQL max_connections - 预留) / 实例数
例如:(100 - 10) / 4 = 22.5 ≈ 20

📝 使用方法

方式 1: 上下文管理器(推荐)

from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import PooledConnection

def find_user(user_id: str):
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        with conn.cursor() as cur:
            cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
            return cur.fetchone()
    # 连接自动归还到池中

方式 2: Repository 中使用

class PostgresUserRepository:
    def find_by_id(self, user_id: str):
        with PooledConnection() as conn:
            with conn.cursor() as cur:
                cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
                row = cur.fetchone()
                return self._row_to_user(row) if row else None

性能对比

不使用连接池

创建连接: ~50ms
执行查询: ~10ms
关闭连接: ~10ms
总耗时: ~70ms

使用连接池

获取连接: ~1ms
执行查询: ~10ms
归还连接: ~1ms
总耗时: ~12ms

性能提升: 5-6 倍 🚀


🔍 监控连接池

添加监控指标

def get_pool_stats():
    """获取连接池统计信息"""
    return {
        "active_connections": db_pool._pool._used,
        "idle_connections": db_pool._pool._pool.qsize(),
        "max_connections": db_pool._pool.maxconn,
    }

日志记录

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def log_pool_stats():
    stats = get_pool_stats()
    logger.info(f"Connection pool stats: {stats}")

⚠️ 注意事项

1. 连接泄漏

错误示例:

# ❌ 连接没有归还
conn = db_pool.get_connection()
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users")
# 忘记 put_connection()

正确示例:

# ✅ 使用上下文管理器自动归还
with PooledConnection() as conn:
    with conn.cursor() as cur:
        cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users")

2. 连接池耗尽

症状:

  • 应用挂起
  • 超时错误
  • PoolError: connection pool exhausted

解决:

  • 增加 maxconn
  • 检查连接泄漏
  • 优化慢查询

3. 长时间持有连接

错误示例:

# ❌ 在循环中持有连接
with PooledConnection() as conn:
    for i in range(10000):
        process_data(i)  # 耗时操作
        save_to_db(conn, i)

正确示例:

# ✅ 每次操作单独获取连接
for i in range(10000):
    process_data(i)
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        save_to_db(conn, i)

🚀 应用启动配置

FastAPI 启动事件

from fastapi import FastAPI
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool
from apps.api.app.config import settings

app = FastAPI()

@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup():
    """应用启动时初始化连接池"""
    if not settings.USE_IN_MEMORY_DB:
        db_pool.initialize(
            connection_string=settings.DATABASE_URL,
            minconn=5,
            maxconn=20,
        )

@app.on_event("shutdown")
async def shutdown():
    """应用关闭时关闭所有连接"""
    db_pool.close_all()

📈 容量规划

计算公式

每个实例的最大连接数 = (CPU 核心数 * 2) + 有效磁盘数

例如:

  • 4 核 CPU1 块磁盘:4 * 2 + 1 = 9
  • 8 核 CPU2 块磁盘:8 * 2 + 2 = 18

PostgreSQL 配置

-- 查看当前最大连接数
SHOW max_connections;

-- 修改最大连接数(需要重启)
-- postgresql.conf
max_connections = 100

-- 为超级用户预留连接
superuser_reserved_connections = 3

🧪 测试连接池

import pytest
from packages.adapters.postgres.connection_pool import db_pool, PooledConnection

def test_connection_pool():
    """测试连接池基本功能"""
    # 初始化
    db_pool.initialize("postgresql://test:test@localhost/test", minconn=1, maxconn=5)
    
    # 获取连接
    with PooledConnection() as conn:
        assert conn is not None
        with conn.cursor() as cur:
            cur.execute("SELECT 1")
            assert cur.fetchone() == {'?column?': 1}
    
    # 清理
    db_pool.close_all()

🔗 相关资源


最后更新: 2026-06-17