test(wave210): 验证码服务单测补全 +70测

覆盖范围：
- generate: 成功/自定义code/自定义TTL/参数校验/频控(冷却+每日上限)
- verify: 成功/错误/不存在/过期/已使用/尝试次数/consume开关
- validate_phone: 各种合法/非法号码格式
- normalize_phone: +86前缀/空格处理
- validate_email: 各种合法/非法邮箱格式
- VerificationCode实体: is_expired/is_used/is_valid/生命周期

70 test cases, 8 test classes

tests/unit/test_verification_code_service.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 """验证码服务单元测试."""
 
-from __future__ import annotations
-
+import re
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 
@@ -9,9 +8,9 @@ import pytest
 
 from packages.application.auth.verification_code_service import (
     CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND,
+    CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_LOGIN,
     CODE_TYPE_PHONE_BIND,
     DAILY_LIMIT,
-    DEFAULT_TTL_SECONDS,
     MAX_ATTEMPTS,
     RESEND_COOLDOWN_SECONDS,
     VerificationCodeService,
@@ -21,298 +20,560 @@ from packages.application.auth.verification_code_service import (
 )
 from packages.domain.verification_code import VerificationCode
 
+# ── Test Fixtures ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def mock_repo():
-    return MagicMock()
+    """mock 验证码仓储."""
+    repo = MagicMock()
+    repo.find_latest.return_value = None
+    repo.count_today.return_value = 0
+    return repo
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def code_service(mock_repo):
-    return VerificationCodeService(mock_repo)
+def service(mock_repo):
+    """验证码服务实例."""
+    return VerificationCodeService(repo=mock_repo)
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
-def sample_code():
-    code = VerificationCode.create(
-        recipient="test@example.com",
-        code_type=CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND,
-        ttl_seconds=300,
+def _make_code(
+    recipient="test@example.com",
+    code_type=CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND,
+    code="123456",
+    ttl=300,
+    used=False,
+    attempts=0,
+    created_at=None,
+):
+    """创建一个测试用验证码实体."""
+    now = created_at or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    vc = VerificationCode(
+        id="test-code-id",
+        recipient=recipient,
+        code=code,
+        code_type=code_type,
+        expires_at=now + timedelta(seconds=ttl),
+        used_at=now if used else None,
+        attempts=attempts,
+        created_at=now,
     )
-    return code
+    return vc
 
 
-class TestVerificationCodeServiceGenerate:
+# ── generate 方法测试 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestGenerate:
     """generate 方法测试"""
 
-    def test_generate_success(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """生成验证码成功"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
-        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 0
-        mock_repo.save.return_value = None
-
-        code, error = code_service.generate("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+    def test_generate_success(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """成功生成验证码."""
+        code, error = service.generate("user@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
 
         assert error is None
         assert code is not None
-        assert code.recipient == "test@example.com"
+        assert code.recipient == "user@example.com"
         assert code.code_type == CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND
+        assert len(code.code) == 6
+        assert code.code.isdigit()
+        assert not code.is_used
         mock_repo.save.assert_called_once()
 
-    def test_generate_empty_recipient(self, code_service):
-        """空接收方返回错误"""
-        code, error = code_service.generate("", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
-        assert code is None
-        assert "接收方不能为空" in error
+    def test_generate_with_custom_code(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """使用自定义验证码."""
+        code, error = service.generate("user@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_LOGIN, custom_code="999999")
 
-    def test_generate_invalid_type(self, code_service):
-        """无效验证码类型返回错误"""
-        code, error = code_service.generate("test@example.com", "invalid_type")
+        assert error is None
+        assert code.code == "999999"
+
+    def test_generate_custom_ttl(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """自定义 TTL."""
+        code, _ = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, ttl_seconds=600)
+        delta = code.expires_at - code.created_at
+        assert delta.total_seconds() == 600
+
+    def test_generate_default_ttl(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """默认 TTL."""
+        code, _ = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        delta = code.expires_at - code.created_at
+        assert delta.total_seconds() == 300  # 默认5分钟
+
+    def test_generate_empty_recipient(self, service):
+        """空接收方."""
+        code, error = service.generate("", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code is None
+        assert "不能为空" in error
+
+    def test_generate_whitespace_recipient(self, service):
+        """全空白接收方."""
+        code, error = service.generate("   ", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code is None
+        assert "不能为空" in error
+
+    def test_generate_invalid_type(self, service):
+        """无效验证码类型."""
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", "invalid_type")
         assert code is None
         assert "无效的验证码类型" in error
 
-    def test_generate_cooldown(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """冷却期内返回频控错误"""
-        # 最新的验证码刚创建10秒前
-        sample_code.created_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10)
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
-        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 1
+    def test_generate_recipient_stripped(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """接收方前后空格会被清理."""
+        code, _ = service.generate("  user@e.com  ", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code.recipient == "user@e.com"
 
-        code, error = code_service.generate("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+    def test_generate_phone_code(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """手机验证码生成."""
+        code, error = service.generate("13800138000", CODE_TYPE_PHONE_BIND)
+        assert error is None
+        assert code.code_type == CODE_TYPE_PHONE_BIND
+        assert len(code.code) == 6
 
+
+# ── generate 频控测试 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestGenerateRateLimit:
+    """generate 频控测试"""
+
+    def test_cooldown_active_rejects(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """冷却期内拒绝重发."""
+        recent = _make_code(created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10))
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = recent
+
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
         assert code is None
         assert "发送太频繁" in error
-        assert "秒后再试" in error
+        # 等待时间应该接近 50 秒 (60-10)
+        match = re.search(r"(\d+)\s*秒", error)
+        assert match
+        wait = int(match.group(1))
+        assert 45 <= wait <= 55
 
-    def test_generate_daily_limit_exceeded(self, code_service, mock_repo):
-        """超过每日上限返回错误"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None  # 没有冷却期问题
+    def test_cooldown_expired_allows(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """冷却期过后允许重发."""
+        old = _make_code(created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=120))
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = old
+        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 1
+
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert error is None
+        assert code is not None
+
+    def test_daily_limit_reached(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """达到每日上限."""
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
         mock_repo.count_today.return_value = DAILY_LIMIT
 
-        code, error = code_service.generate("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
-
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
         assert code is None
         assert "今日发送次数已达上限" in error
 
-    def test_generate_recipient_stripped(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """recipient 会被 strip"""
+    def test_daily_limit_one_below_allows(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """未达到上限时允许."""
         mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
+        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = DAILY_LIMIT - 1
+
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert error is None
+        assert code is not None
+
+    def test_custom_daily_limit(self, mock_repo):
+        """自定义每日上限."""
+        svc = VerificationCodeService(repo=mock_repo, daily_limit=3)
+        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 3
+
+        code, error = svc.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code is None
+        assert "已达上限" in error
+
+    def test_custom_cooldown(self, mock_repo):
+        """自定义冷却时间."""
+        svc = VerificationCodeService(repo=mock_repo, resend_cooldown=30)
+        recent = _make_code(created_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10))
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = recent
+
+        code, error = svc.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code is None
+        match = re.search(r"(\d+)\s*秒", error)
+        assert match
+        wait = int(match.group(1))
+        assert 15 <= wait <= 25
+
+    def test_cooldown_different_types_independent(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """不同类型的验证码冷却独立."""
+        # email_bind 类型有一个近期验证码
+        recent = _make_code(code_type=CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.side_effect = lambda r, t: recent if t == CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND else None
         mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 0
-        mock_repo.save.return_value = None
 
-        code_service.generate("  test@example.com  ", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
-
-        # 传给 repo 的应该是 strip 后的值
-        save_call = mock_repo.save.call_args[0][0]
-        assert save_call.recipient == "test@example.com"
-
-    def test_generate_custom_code(self, code_service, mock_repo):
-        """使用自定义验证码"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
-        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 0
-        mock_repo.save.return_value = None
-
-        code, _ = code_service.generate("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, custom_code="123456")
-        assert code.code == "123456"
-
-    def test_generate_custom_ttl(self, code_service, mock_repo):
-        """自定义 TTL"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
-        mock_repo.count_today.return_value = 0
-        mock_repo.save.return_value = None
-
-        code, _ = code_service.generate("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, ttl_seconds=600)
+        # email_login 类型应该可以正常发送
+        code, error = service.generate("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_LOGIN)
+        assert error is None
         assert code is not None
 
 
-class TestVerificationCodeServiceVerify:
+# ── verify 方法测试 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestVerify:
     """verify 方法测试"""
 
-    def test_verify_success(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """验证成功"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
+    def test_verify_success(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """验证码正确."""
+        code = _make_code(code="654321")
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, sample_code.code)
-
-        assert success is True
+        ok, error = service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "654321")
+        assert ok is True
         assert error is None
-        assert sample_code.is_used is True
+        assert code.is_used  # 标记为已使用
+        assert mock_repo.save.call_count >= 2  # increment + mark_used
 
-    def test_verify_wrong_code(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """验证码错误"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
+    def test_verify_wrong_code(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """验证码错误."""
+        code = _make_code(code="123456")
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "wrongcode")
-
-        assert success is False
+        ok, error = service.verify("test@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "000000")
+        assert ok is False
         assert "验证码错误" in error
+        assert not code.is_used  # 不标记为已使用
+        assert code.attempts == 1  # 尝试次数+1
 
-    def test_verify_not_found(self, code_service, mock_repo):
-        """验证码不存在"""
+    def test_verify_no_code_found(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """找不到验证码."""
         mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = None
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "123456")
-
-        assert success is False
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "123456")
+        assert ok is False
         assert "不存在或已过期" in error
 
-    def test_verify_expired(self, code_service, mock_repo):
-        """验证码已过期"""
-        expired_code = VerificationCode.create(
-            recipient="test@example.com",
-            code_type=CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND,
-            ttl_seconds=1,  # 1秒过期
-        )
-        # 手动设置过期时间
-        expired_code.expires_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc) - timedelta(seconds=10)
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = expired_code
+    def test_verify_empty_params(self, service):
+        """参数为空."""
+        ok, error = service.verify("", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "123456")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "参数不完整" in error
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, expired_code.code)
+        ok2, error2 = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "")
+        assert ok2 is False
+        assert "参数不完整" in error2
 
-        assert success is False
-        assert "已过期" in error
+    def test_verify_whitespace_params(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """参数前后空格会被清理."""
+        code = _make_code(recipient="u@e.com", code="111111")
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-    def test_verify_already_used(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """验证码已使用"""
-        sample_code.mark_used()
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
+        ok, error = service.verify("  u@e.com  ", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "  111111  ")
+        assert ok is True
+        assert error is None
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, sample_code.code)
+    def test_verify_already_used(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """验证码已使用."""
+        code = _make_code(used=True)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        assert success is False
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, code.code)
+        assert ok is False
         assert "已使用" in error
 
-    def test_verify_max_attempts_exceeded(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """尝试次数过多"""
-        # 先把尝试次数加到超过上限
-        for _ in range(MAX_ATTEMPTS + 1):
-            sample_code.increment_attempts()
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
+    def test_verify_expired(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """验证码已过期."""
+        code = _make_code(ttl=-60)  # 已过期
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, sample_code.code)
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, code.code)
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "已过期" in error
 
-        assert success is False
+    def test_verify_too_many_attempts(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """尝试次数过多."""
+        code = _make_code(attempts=MAX_ATTEMPTS + 1)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
+
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, code.code)
+        assert ok is False
         assert "验证次数过多" in error
 
-    def test_verify_empty_params(self, code_service):
-        """空参数返回错误"""
-        success, error = code_service.verify("", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "123456")
-        assert success is False
-        assert "参数不完整" in error
+    def test_verify_attempts_increment_each_time(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """每次错误尝试都增加尝试次数."""
+        code = _make_code(code="123456", attempts=0)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        success, error = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "")
-        assert success is False
-        assert "参数不完整" in error
+        for _ in range(3):
+            service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "wrong")
 
-    def test_verify_increments_attempts(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """验证会增加尝试次数"""
-        initial_attempts = sample_code.attempts
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
+        assert code.attempts == 3
 
-        code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "wrong")
+    def test_verify_without_consume(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """验证成功但不标记为已使用（consume=False）."""
+        code = _make_code(code="999999")
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
 
-        assert sample_code.attempts == initial_attempts + 1
-
-    def test_verify_no_consume(self, code_service, mock_repo, sample_code):
-        """consume=False 时不标记为已使用"""
-        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = sample_code
-
-        success, _ = code_service.verify("test@example.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, sample_code.code, consume=False)
-
-        assert success is True
-        assert sample_code.is_used is False
-
-
-class TestVerifyPhone:
-    """validate_phone 函数测试"""
-
-    def test_valid_phone(self):
-        """有效手机号"""
-        ok, err = validate_phone("13800000001")
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "999999", consume=False)
         assert ok is True
-        assert err == ""
+        assert error is None
+        assert not code.is_used  # 不标记为已使用
 
-    def test_valid_phone_with_plus86(self):
-        """带 +86 前缀的手机号"""
-        ok, err = validate_phone("+8613800000001")
+    def test_verify_consume_default_true(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """默认 consume=True."""
+        code = _make_code(code="123456")
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
+
+        service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, "123456")
+        assert code.is_used
+
+    def test_verify_used_checked_before_attempts(self, service, mock_repo):
+        """已使用优先于其他检查."""
+        code = _make_code(used=True, attempts=0)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
+
+        ok, error = service.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, code.code)
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "已使用" in error
+        # attempts 会被 increment，但错误原因是已使用
+        assert code.attempts == 1
+
+    def test_custom_max_attempts(self, mock_repo):
+        """自定义最大尝试次数."""
+        svc = VerificationCodeService(repo=mock_repo, max_attempts=2)
+        code = _make_code(attempts=2)
+        mock_repo.find_latest.return_value = code
+
+        ok, error = svc.verify("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, code.code)
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "验证次数过多" in error
+
+
+# ── validate_phone 测试 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestValidatePhone:
+    """手机号格式校验测试"""
+
+    def test_valid_11_digit(self):
+        """标准11位手机号."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("13800138000")
+        assert ok is True
+        assert msg == ""
+
+    def test_valid_with_plus_86(self):
+        """带+86前缀."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("+8613800138000")
         assert ok is True
 
-    def test_invalid_phone_short(self):
-        """太短的手机号"""
-        ok, err = validate_phone("123")
+    def test_invalid_too_short(self):
+        """位数不足."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("1380013800")
         assert ok is False
-        assert "格式不正确" in err
+        assert "格式不正确" in msg
 
-    def test_invalid_phone_wrong_prefix(self):
-        """号段不对的手机号"""
-        ok, err = validate_phone("11000000000")
+    def test_invalid_too_long(self):
+        """位数过多."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("138001380001")
         assert ok is False
 
-    def test_empty_phone(self):
-        """空手机号"""
-        ok, err = validate_phone("")
+    def test_invalid_starts_with_2(self):
+        """开头不是1."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("23800138000")
         assert ok is False
-        assert "不能为空" in err
 
-    def test_phone_with_spaces(self):
-        """带空格的手机号会被 strip"""
-        ok, _ = validate_phone("  13800000001  ")
+    def test_invalid_starts_with_12(self):
+        """第二位不在3-9."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("12800138000")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_invalid_empty(self):
+        """空字符串."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "不能为空" in msg
+
+    def test_invalid_whitespace_only(self):
+        """仅空白."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("   ")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "不能为空" in msg
+
+    def test_valid_all_prefixes_3_to_9(self):
+        """第二位3-9都有效."""
+        for n in range(3, 10):
+            ok, _ = validate_phone(f"1{n}800138000")
+            assert ok is True, f"1{n} prefix should be valid"
+
+    def test_invalid_contains_letters(self):
+        """包含字母."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("13800abc000")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_strips_whitespace(self):
+        """前后空格会被清理."""
+        ok, msg = validate_phone("  13800138000  ")
         assert ok is True
 
 
+# ── normalize_phone 测试 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 class TestNormalizePhone:
-    """normalize_phone 函数测试"""
+    """手机号标准化测试"""
 
-    def test_removes_plus86(self):
-        """去掉 +86 前缀"""
-        assert normalize_phone("+8613800000001") == "13800000001"
+    def test_strip_plus_86(self):
+        """去掉+86前缀."""
+        assert normalize_phone("+8613800138000") == "13800138000"
 
     def test_no_prefix_stays_same(self):
-        """没有前缀保持不变"""
-        assert normalize_phone("13800000001") == "13800000001"
+        """无前缀保持不变."""
+        assert normalize_phone("13800138000") == "13800138000"
 
     def test_strips_whitespace(self):
-        """去掉两端空白"""
-        assert normalize_phone("  13800000001  ") == "13800000001"
+        """清理前后空格."""
+        assert normalize_phone("  13800138000  ") == "13800138000"
+
+    def test_plus_86_with_spaces(self):
+        """带空格的+86."""
+        assert normalize_phone("  +8613800138000  ") == "13800138000"
+
+
+# ── validate_email 测试 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 
 class TestValidateEmail:
-    """validate_email 函数测试"""
+    """邮箱格式校验测试"""
 
-    def test_valid_email(self):
-        """有效邮箱"""
-        ok, err = validate_email("test@example.com")
+    def test_valid_simple(self):
+        """标准邮箱."""
+        ok, msg = validate_email("user@example.com")
         assert ok is True
-        assert err == ""
+        assert msg == ""
 
-    def test_valid_email_with_subdomain(self):
-        """带子域名的邮箱"""
-        ok, _ = validate_email("user@mail.example.com")
+    def test_valid_with_dots(self):
+        """带点号的用户名."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user.name@example.com")
         assert ok is True
 
-    def test_valid_email_with_plus(self):
-        """带 + 号的邮箱"""
+    def test_valid_with_plus(self):
+        """带加号的邮箱."""
         ok, _ = validate_email("user+tag@example.com")
         assert ok is True
 
-    def test_invalid_email_no_at(self):
-        """没有 @ 的邮箱"""
-        ok, err = validate_email("notanemail")
-        assert ok is False
-        assert "格式不正确" in err
-
-    def test_invalid_email_no_domain(self):
-        """没有域名的邮箱"""
-        ok, err = validate_email("user@")
-        assert ok is False
-
-    def test_empty_email(self):
-        """空邮箱"""
-        ok, err = validate_email("")
-        assert ok is False
-        assert "不能为空" in err
-
-    def test_email_with_spaces(self):
-        """带空格的邮箱会被 strip"""
-        ok, _ = validate_email("  test@example.com  ")
+    def test_valid_with_underscore(self):
+        """带下划线."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user_name@example.com")
         assert ok is True
+
+    def test_valid_subdomain(self):
+        """多级域名."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user@mail.example.com")
+        assert ok is True
+
+    def test_invalid_no_at(self):
+        """没有@."""
+        ok, msg = validate_email("userexample.com")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "格式不正确" in msg
+
+    def test_invalid_empty_local(self):
+        """@前为空."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("@example.com")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_invalid_empty_domain(self):
+        """@后为空."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user@")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_invalid_no_tld(self):
+        """没有顶级域名."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user@example")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_invalid_empty(self):
+        """空字符串."""
+        ok, msg = validate_email("")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "不能为空" in msg
+
+    def test_invalid_spaces_only(self):
+        """仅空白."""
+        ok, msg = validate_email("   ")
+        assert ok is False
+        assert "不能为空" in msg
+
+    def test_strips_whitespace(self):
+        """前后空格会被清理."""
+        ok, msg = validate_email("  user@e.com  ")
+        assert ok is True
+
+    def test_invalid_special_chars(self):
+        """特殊字符."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("user name@e.com")
+        assert ok is False
+
+    def test_valid_numbers(self):
+        """数字邮箱."""
+        ok, _ = validate_email("12345@example.com")
+        assert ok is True
+
+
+# ── VerificationCode 实体辅助验证 ──────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+class TestVerificationCodeEntity:
+    """VerificationCode 实体属性测试"""
+
+    def test_is_expired_false_when_fresh(self):
+        code = _make_code(ttl=300)
+        assert code.is_expired is False
+
+    def test_is_expired_true_when_past(self):
+        code = _make_code(ttl=-1)
+        assert code.is_expired is True
+
+    def test_is_used_false_initially(self):
+        code = _make_code()
+        assert code.is_used is False
+
+    def test_is_used_after_mark_used(self):
+        code = _make_code()
+        code.mark_used()
+        assert code.is_used is True
+        assert code.used_at is not None
+
+    def test_is_valid_fresh(self):
+        code = _make_code()
+        assert code.is_valid is True
+
+    def test_is_valid_when_expired(self):
+        code = _make_code(ttl=-100)
+        assert code.is_valid is False
+
+    def test_is_valid_when_used(self):
+        code = _make_code(used=True)
+        assert code.is_valid is False
+
+    def test_increment_attempts(self):
+        code = _make_code(attempts=0)
+        code.increment_attempts()
+        assert code.attempts == 1
+        code.increment_attempts()
+        assert code.attempts == 2
+
+    def test_create_generates_6_digit_code(self):
+        code = VerificationCode.create("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert len(code.code) == 6
+        assert code.code.isdigit()
+
+    def test_create_custom_code(self):
+        code = VerificationCode.create("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, custom_code="555555")
+        assert code.code == "555555"
+
+    def test_create_strips_recipient(self):
+        code = VerificationCode.create("  u@e.com  ", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND)
+        assert code.recipient == "u@e.com"
+
+    def test_create_sets_expiry(self):
+        code = VerificationCode.create("u@e.com", CODE_TYPE_EMAIL_BIND, ttl_seconds=120)
+        delta = code.expires_at - code.created_at
+        assert delta.total_seconds() == 120